Most people know John Laurens because of Hamilton: The Musical. He’s the fiery young officer who declares, “We’ll never be truly free until those in bondage have the same rights as you and me.”

As it turns out, that wasn’t just good songwriting—it was remarkably close to the historical John Laurens.

Born into one of South Carolina’s wealthiest slaveholding families, Laurens could have spent his life defending the institution that had made his family prosperous. Instead, he became one of the most outspoken opponents of slavery among the Revolutionary generation. While many Patriots spoke about liberty in broad terms, Laurens believed those words had to mean something for everyone.

In 1777, Laurens joined General George Washington’s military family, where he became close friends with Alexander Hamilton and the Marquis de Lafayette. The three young officers shared an infectious optimism about the Revolution and spent countless hours discussing politics, military strategy, and the future of the new nation.

What set Laurens apart was his willingness to confront the Revolution’s greatest contradiction.

Writing to his father, Henry Laurens, in 1779, he observed:

“We Americans, at least in the Southern colonies, cannot contend with a good grace for liberty until we shall have enfranchised our slaves.”¹

It was a remarkable statement for a South Carolinian to make during the Revolution.

Laurens didn’t stop with words. He proposed raising a regiment of enslaved men who would fight for the Patriot cause in exchange for their freedom. He believed the plan would strengthen the Continental Army while striking a blow against slavery itself.

Alexander Hamilton enthusiastically supported the proposal. Writing to Laurens, he challenged the prejudices of the day:

“The contempt we have been taught to entertain for the blacks makes us fancy many things that are founded neither in reason nor experience.”²

Hamilton argued that Black soldiers would prove every bit as capable and courageous as white soldiers if given the chance.

South Carolina’s legislature disagreed. Fearful of arming enslaved men and unwilling to weaken slavery, lawmakers rejected Laurens’ proposal. It was one of the Revolution’s great missed opportunities.

Laurens would not live long enough to see the United States officially gain its independence. In August 1782, with the war all but over, he was killed in a skirmish near the Combahee River. He was only twenty-seven years old.

His death deeply affected Hamilton, who mourned the loss of “a man who has left few equals behind him.”³

Today, Laurens remains one of the Revolution’s most compelling—and often overlooked—figures. He reminds us that even in the 1770s there were Americans who understood that the nation’s promise of liberty could never be complete while slavery endured. The Civil War would eventually answer that question, but John Laurens was asking it nearly eighty years earlier.

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Notes

1. Alexander Hamilton to Nathanael Greene, January 26, 1783, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0204.

2. John Laurens to Henry Laurens, August 14, 1779, in The Papers of John Laurens, vol. 15, ed. Philip M. Hamer et al. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2003), 301–3.

3. Alexander Hamilton to John Laurens, March 14, 1779, Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-02-02-0245.

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Resolved, That congress will make provision for paying the proprietors of such negroes as shall be inlisted for the service of the United States during the war, a full compensation for the property at a rate not exceeding one thousand dollars for each active able bodied negro man of standard size, not exceeding thirty five years of age, who shall be so inlisted and pass muster.

That no pay or bounty be allowed to the said negroes, but that they be cloathed and subsisted at the expence of the United States.

That every negro who shall well and faithfully serve as a soldier to the end of the present war, and shall then return his arms, be emancipated and receive the sum of fifty dollars.

However, in a letter to George Washington on May 19, 1782, Laurens reported that the plan was rejected by South Carolina. “The single voice of reason,” he wrote, “was drowned by the howlings of a triple-headed monster in which Prejudice Avarice & Pusillanimity were united.”

Responding to that letter on July 10, 1782 George Washington (in the letter photographed above) expressed dismay that South Carolina rejected the proposal. He lamented that “it is not the public but the private Interest which influences the generality of mankind.” Washington wrote:

The last Post brought me your Letter of the 19 May.

I must confess that I am not at all astonished at the failure of your Plans.

That Spirit of Freedom which at the commencement of this contest would have gladly sacrificed every thing to the attainment of its object has long since subsided, and every selfish Passion has taken its place—it is not the public but the private Interest which influences the generality of Mankind nor can the Americans any longer boast an exception—under these circumstances it would rather have been surprizing if you had succeeded nor will you I fear succeed better in Georgia.

Other states, such as Rhode Island enlisted African Americans into service. However, many more African Americans escaped and fought on the side of English.

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Sources:

“Journals of the Continental Congress, March 29, 1779” Encyclopedia Virginia, https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/journals-of-the-continental-congress-march-29-1779.

John Laurens, “To George Washington from John Laurens, 19 May 1782,” National Archives Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-08462.

George Washington, “From George Washington to John Laurens, 10 July 1782,” National Archives Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-08890.

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To Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens

[Albany, August 15, 1782]

I received with great Pleasure, My Dear Laurens, the letter which you wrote me in last.

Your wishes in one respect are gratified; this state has pretty unanimously delegated me to Congress. My time of service commences in November. It is not probable it will result in what you mention. I hope it is too late. We have great reason to flatter ourselves peace on our own terms is upon the carpet. The making it is in good hands. It is said your father is exchanged for Cornwallis and gone to Paris to meet the other commissioners and that Grenville on the part of England has made a second trip there, in the last instance, vested with Plenipotentiary powers.

I fear there may be obstacles but I hope they may be surmounted.

Peace made, My Dear friend, a new scene opens. The object then will be to make our independence a blessing. To do this we must secure our union on solid foundations; an herculean task and to effect which mountains of prejudice must be levelled!

It requires all the virtue and all the abilities of the Country. Quit your sword my friend, put on the toga, come to Congress. We know each others sentiments, our views are the same: we have fought side by side to make America free, let us hand in hand struggle to make her happy.

Remember me to General Greene with all the warmth of a sincere attachment.

Yrs for ever

A Hamilton

Albany Aug. 15. 1782

After hearing the news of Lauren’s death, Hamilton wrote to Major General Nathanael Greene on October 12, 1782:

“I feel the deepest affliction at the news we have just received of the loss of our dear and ⟨inesti⟩mable friend Laurens. His career of virtue is at an end. How strangely are human affairs conducted, that so many excellent qualities could not ensure a more happy fate? The world will feel the loss of a man who has left few like him behind, and America of a citizen whose heart realized that patriotism of which others only talk. I feel the loss of a friend I truly and most tenderly loved, and one of a very small number.” (2)

1. Alexander Hamilton, “From Alexander Hamilton to Lieutenant Colonel John Laurens, 15 August 1782,” National Archives Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0058.
2. Alexander Hamilton, “From Alexander Hamilton to Major General Nathanael Greene, 12 October 1782,” National Archives Founders Online, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0090.

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